|| تجمع الطلآب لِـ مذآكــرة مـآدة علم الأصوآت335 [Phonology] ||

[nour al3mr]

تسليط الضوء على أبرز النقــآط في الفصل السـآدس Brief Summary of chapter 6: Features

1/ معـــرفة كيفية انتـآج الصوت منذ البدآية .. لأنه من دون صوت لن تجري أي عمليـــــآت تدآخل بين الأصوآت The mechanism of the production of speech sounds and the overlapping process {phonetically}

A number of INDEPENDENT things have to happen AT THE SAME TIME in order to produce the sound.
There must be a flow of air out from the lungs, the vocal cords must be WIDE APART, the velum must be RAISED and the blade of the tongue must be in contact with the alveolar ridge {VOICELESS SOUND/ NO VIBRATION}


IMPORTANT: if any of these factors is CHANGED, a DIFFERENT sound will result

were the vocal cords to be CLOSER TOGETHER, causing VIBRATION, the VOICED sound would be produced

LOWERING the velum would result a nasal sound


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2/ the definition of FEATURES / A NATURAL CLASS

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3/ the SMALLER the class, the MORE features will be Shared

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4/ the definition of a BINARY feature
is a feature which has just two values + or - a
+ if the feature is part of the classification of the sound
- if it is not

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5/ we need a different set of features which allow us to make the claims and generalization (not putative natural classes)a
we need a less CONCRETE= less phonetic, more ABSTRACT set of PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES

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6/ PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES = using the major places of articulation such as CORONAL & ANTERIOR

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What do we mean by each one of them?a

Coronal as a binary feature:
[+ Coronal] sounds are produced in the area pounded by the teeth and hard palate

[- Coronal] other than that

and
Anterior as a binary feature:
[+ anterior] sounds are produced no further back in the oral tract than the alveolar ridge

[- anterior] other than that

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7/ Natural classes

[+ anterior , - coronal ]: LABIALS =[p,b,f,v,m]a

[+ anterior , + coronal ]: Alveolars & DENTALS =[t,d,s,z,θ, ð]a

[- anterior , + coronal ]: PALATALS = [ j,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ ]a

[- anterior , - coronal ]: VELARS & UVULARS=[k,g,x,R,w,h]a

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8/ we have several ways to classify sounds into class features

- by using Major class features = [+/- syllabic], [+/- consonantal],[+/- sonorant]a


- by using Consonantal features = [+/- voice]a

- by using Place Features = [+/- anterior], [+/- coronal]a

- by using Manner Features = [+/- nasal], [+/- strident],[+/- delayed release],[+/- lateral],[+/- continuant]a

- by using Vocalic features {ONLY WITH VOWELS} = [+/-round], [+/-front], [+/- tense], [+/- Advanced Tongue Root], [ +/-high], [ +/-low], [ +/-back]
a

you need to know the definitions and the sounds of each one of them

Hope everything is clear enough for you, IF NOT please tell me

GOOD LUCK