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[فهد هزاع]

onal paradigms
The objectives of this chapter:
• What is paradigm?
• Paradigm inflectional
• The Noun paradigm
• The verb paradigm
• The adjective paradigm
 Paradigm: is a set of related forms having the same stem but different affixes. Examples:
Friend, friends, friend’s, friendship, friendliness, friendless.  Paradigm & paradigm membership is predictable by the grammar.
• Noun paradigm= friend, friends, friend’s and friends.
• verb paradigm= walk, walks, walked, walking
• adjective paradigm= tall, taller, tallest.
The Noun Paradigm
The noun paradigm:
Stem Pl Poss. Pl+Poss.
{-s pl} {-s ps} {-s pl ps}
doctor doctors doctor’s doctors’

• Note all the Ns have all the four forms (e.g. some don’t take the (poss-‘s) but instead they take the of structure.
• Few nouns have only one form of the paradigm (tennis, courage, haste) • Some have no singular form, but only that of the –s plural (clothes, trousers, scissors)
• A pronoun can be used as a substitute (My clothes [they] are clean)
• Some nouns end in –s (economics, linguistics, mathematics, physics). In this case, the singular pronouns (it) is used (linguistics is a difficult subject)
• Some nouns ending in –s (ethics, oats, measles, pliers) can be either sg or pl depending on the context or on the meaning expressed.
 Ethics ( a discipline ) is an important subject.
 His ethics (beliefs & actions) are beyond reproach.
• Some collective Ns may be either Sg or Pl in meaning when they are singular in form (team, family, tribe, faculty, committee, police)
• Such Ns represents a collection or unit of individuals.
The family is gathering at the dinner table ( a unit)
The family have gathered from many parts around the country (individual)