اختبار علم الاصوات حسب تحديد زملائنا بالمناطق

[بلاماوى]

 A feature has two values (+ or -) is known as a binary feature.
الصوت الأساسي يوضع بين علامتين / / وهو ما يسمي بـ phonemes
بينما العناصر الفرعية من هذا الصوت الأساسي توضع بين [ ] وهي ما تسمى بـ allophones

The abstract underlying unit are known as phonemes while predictable surface elements are known as allophones.

/p/

[p] [ph] [p7]

a minimal pair: a pair of words which differ by just one sound and which are 'different lexical items'.

This state of affairs, in which two sounds do not occur in the same environment, is refereed to as complementary distribution.

While the distinction between the allophones and phonemes is quite clear cut, there are some phenomena which can obscure the identification of phonemes. One of these is so-called free variation.

8.4.1 Phonetic naturalness

Natural in this context means something like “to be expected”, or “frequently found a cross languages”, or “ phonetically similar”.
Consider onset clusters. English has no words beginning with [ps] or [pn] or [pt], yet these are perfectly permissible clusters in many languages, e.g. German [psalm] 'psalm', French [pnæ] pneu tyre', Greek [ptɛron] 'wing'.
Just being un-English does not mean that something is unnatural. Nor is something natural just because it occurs in English.

9.2 Alternations types:

“rat[s]” vs. “warthog[z]” vs. ”hors[ɪz]”
“ yak[s]” vs. ' bee[z] ' vs. ”finch[ɪz]”
“lea[f] ” vs. “lea[v]es”
“hou[s]e” vs. “hou[z]es”

We see that there is an alternation in voicing for a root final fricative: voiceless in the singular, voiced in the plural.


9.2.1 Phonetically conditioned alternations:
 If a vowel phone in English is followed by a nasal consonant, the vowel is nasalized.

 Deletion: a phonological rule that removes an entire segment, as distinct from a feature-changing rule, and is expressed in terms of a segment 'becoming zero (Ø)'.

 Insertion: a phonological rule that inserts an entire segment, as distinct from a feature-changing rule, and that is the mirror-image of deletion rule, so inserting segment.

 Metathesis: The reversal of adjacent segments in a word.

 Reduplication: copying all part of a word, then attaching the copy to the orginal word, as in 'weewee'.


State in which two sounds do not occur in the same environment; characterizes allophone. Cf. Constrastive distribution, Free variation.
Complementary distribution:
State in which two sounds can occur in the same environment, yielding different pronunciations of the same lexical item; characterizes allophone, Cf. Complementary distribution, Contrastive distribution.
Free variation
The reversal of adjacent segments in a word.
Metathesis:
A pair of words that differ by just one sound and witch are different lexical items; cf. Commutation test and Contrastive distribution.
Minimal pair:
A structural unit of quantity referring to syllable 'weight'; typically a light syllable equals one mora, a heavy syllable equals two moras.
Mora:
The sound resulting from a lowered velum, with air flowing out through the nose (the first and last sounds in 'man, for example).
Nasal sound: