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منتدى الملخصات والمواضيع المميزة (قسم اللغات الأوروبية و آدابها) قسم خاص يتم نقل المواضيع المميزة و الملخصات والملفات المهمه الخاصة بقسم اللغات الأوروبية و آدابها

critisim

منتدى الملخصات والمواضيع المميزة (قسم اللغات الأوروبية و آدابها)

موضوع مغلق
 
أدوات الموضوع إبحث في الموضوع انواع عرض الموضوع
منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
  #1  
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:02 PM
الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

lovely aroma lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً

جامعي

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي critisim


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
وانا قاعدة اذاكر في النوتس كان نفسي الاقي ملخص يتكلم بترابط يعني ما حبيت الترقيم والاسهم حسيتها ضيعتني
ولقيت هذا الملخص مرررررة عجبني وقرايته تعطي فكرة عامة حلوة
ما ادري اذا كان موجود من اول ولا لاء بس ان شاء الله يفيدكم

Summary of Literary Criticism (level 6


For Plato, poetry is the imitation of the physical objects which are the imitation of "the form". The "form" is the abstract conception of the plurality of specific things that exist in the world of ideas in Heaven. He, in his book The Republic book X, attacks poetry and poets and he justifies his rejection of poetry for many reasons:

1- Poetry is a copy of a copy. Plato believes that every object in the physical world is an imitation of the form. For example, the actual bed, which is manmade, is an imitation of the idea of the bed in Heaven. We can have many kinds of bed but the idea or the basic function of them is one. What poets are actually doing is that they imitate the physical objects which are the imitation of the Form. Thus, poets present things which are two steps away from reality and that leads away from truth.

2, Poetry is an imitation of the appearance of the physical objects rather than being the imitation of the ideal conception, the form, of things which is the truth.

3- Poets are useless because they produce images or appearance of things rather than making originals. For example, a poet can speak about a bed or draw one but he can not manufacture it.

4- Poets talk about things they do not know about. They do not have knowledge or belief in what they are representing. For example, Homer speaks about warfare in his works but he dose not know any thing about plans of wars. Therefore, they are not public benefactor because they can not teach others how to manufacture things and thus, they waist their time for nothing.

5- In their tragedies, Poets communicate with the lower part of our mind, and urge us to believe in our senses, which are unreliable, rather than reason. By speaking to the lower part of our mind, poets are fattening that part and make it lead us in our life and forget about our reason. When we following our senses, we train ourselves in using that weak part of our mind in our judgments and that will lead us away from actual truth. It is known that the emotional part of our mind does not give accurate answers about things but the reason part does that. Therefore, it is not healthy to give a chance to someone teaches us bad habit that is to rely on the weak part of our mind in our judgment.

6- Poets lie to us by representing people who are not faithful to the characteristics of real people in life. It is known that people are full of contradictions; however, in poetry we meet people who are without, or with little, contradictions; such as characters who are always good or always bad. So, poets lie to us by presenting, in their works, people as they like to imagine them not as they are in real life.

7- Instead of urging people to restrain their emotional and to be patient and to endure hardships that people face in life, poets represent, in their tragedies, people who can not endure hardships of life by using their emotions in dealing with such things just like women.

8- Poets always write about things that deal with the lower part of our mind because speaking to senses is easier than of speaking to reason.

9- Poets write for the popular taste and tell stories of men's pleasant vices. They do not write about things that speak to our reason but to the emotional part of our mind.

10-Also, they tell lies about gods. Thus, that has bad effect on the morality of people.

11- Poets, in their tragedies, make the judgment in dramatic matter left to all people. Thus, that would result in lawlessness and license and that would make ordinary people think that they are capable of giving judgments in all problems of life.

12- Poetry has a great capacity for deforming people including the good ones. For example, when a poet represent a hero expresses his grief because of having troublesome, we sympathy with him For example, in Hamlet for Shakespeare, Hamlet can not deal with the hardships of life he faces but, in return, he keeps remembering them which cause him pain all the time. Thus, when we ourselves have troublesome in real life, we unconsciously remember him and follow the way he deals with his problem and that is a bad behavior.

13- In comedy, also, poets represent funny behaviors and things that people would laugh at and feel ashamed to do them in real life. By representing such things, people will get used to seeing such behavior, and thus they imitate them and become comedian in their own real lives.

14- Poetry that contains elements of sex and anger, also, has great impact on people. Such things will let people forget about their moralities and, in return, these things will be their ruler in life.

After accounting these negative effects of poetry on societies, Plato says that there are only two types of poetry that he would accept: first, religious hymns to the gods, and second, elegies of good people in order to make people learn and benefit from their lives and experience.

Then, he says that these are the things that we have against poetry and the things that give us the right to banish poets from our city, and if poets have anything to defend themselves, we are ready to listen to them. Also, critics are welcome to speak on behave of poets and defend what they believe in. At the end, if they prove that there is more than mere pleasure in poetry by being beneficial to the society and human life, they would be welcome back to our city. However, our balance here is that it must be all good to the whole fields of life.
يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 


توقيع lovely aroma  


اللهم ارحم حسام...اللهم ارحم حسام...اللهم ارحم حسام
اللهم ارحم فاطمة واغفرلها ونور قبرها
اللـهـم اّنسهم في وحدتهم وفي وحشتهم وفي غربتهم
اللـهـم اجعل قبورهم روضة من رياض الجنة ,ولا تجعلها حفرة من حفر النار
اللهم انا نتوسل بك اليك ونقسم بك عليك ان ترحمهم ولا تعذبهم
اللـهـم اعفو عنهم فإنك القائل "ويعفو عن كثير"
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا اتانا اليقين ,وعرق منا الجبين ,كشر الانين والحنين
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا يئس منا الطبيب ,وبكي علينا الحبيب وتخلي عنا القريب والغريب
وارتفع النشيج والنحيب .
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا اشتدت الكربات وتوالت الحسرات واطبقت الروعات وفاضت العبرات ,
وتكشفت العورات وتعطلت القوي والقدرات .
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا بلغت التراقي وقيل من راق وتأكدت فجيعة الفراق للأهل والفراق

 

 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:03 PM   #2

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

Aristotle (384-322.B.C)
-Aristotle invented the scientific method of analysis codified the divisions of knowledge into disciplines and sub disciplines that carry on to the present day.

-Unlike Plato, who uses the dialogue to dramatize ways of thinking in a conversational literary form; Aristotle uses the systematic way of categorization in introducing his ideas, in his work.

-The Poetics is Aristotle’s major work in the field of poetry (literature). He asserts in it, like Plato, that poetry is a representation, and agrees that all arts are imitation, too.

-Aristotle strongly disagrees with Plato, that poetry is a pleasure which corrupt society.

-Comedy, according to Aristotle, is: “a representation of inferior people, with no respect to any kind of vice; but we laugh at what is ugly, only. For, the laughable is a sort of error and ugliness, which is not painful & destructive, like, a mask, which is laughable and has some ugliness, but without any horror, or destructiveness.

-As for tragedy, which Aristotle’s definition for it, is the most important issue that he wrote in his book (the Poetics), which is: “It is a representation(of life) of a serious(dangerous), complete(beginning, middle, and end) action(events, incidents) which has magnitude(length), in embellished speech(rhythm, song), with each of its elements used separately(fulfilled by spoken verses and song) in the various parts of the play(the six parts of tragedy); represented by people acting and not by narration; accomplishing by means of pity and fear, to achieve the CATHARSIS(cleansing, purifying the soul) of such emotions”.

-Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, is a play to which Aristotle frequently refers as a model for his definition of tragedy.

-Tragedy consists of six parts: plot+ characters+ diction+ reasoning+ spectacle (audience) + song.

-The most important of these six parts is the structure of the incidents (the plot).For; tragedy is a representation, not of human beings, but of action and life. So, actors do not act for the sake to represent the characters, but they include the characters for the sake of their actions. So, in tragedy, plot comes first, and characters are secondary.

-again, without action a tragedy cannot exist, but without characters, it may.

-the plot has some parts, which are important to tragedy: reversals (change of fortune), and recognition(when a character knows his error).

-Reasoning comes third, which is, being able to say what is possible and appropriate.

-Diction is fourth, which is, communication by means of language. As for the remaining parts of tragedy, there is song and spectacle.

-when we said in the definition of tragedy, that it must be complete; we meant by “complete” is, that it has a beginning, a middle, and an end( 24 hours, one day).

- A plot is not unified if it concerns one single person; but it is unified if it is about a single action. (When Aristotle said “an action”, he meant a single action).

-There is no need for “episodic” tragedies; that is plays that talks about daily life, or like “The Arabian Nights” as an example; because it has no need or effect.

-Plots are two kinds:
(1)Simple: it is an action, when the transformation comes, without reversal or recognition (the play ends, without the hero acknowledging his errors “tragic flaw”).
(2)Complex: the opposite.

-A reversal is a change of the action to their opposite.

-A recognition is a change from ignorance to knowledge.

-Regarding characters, there are four things a poet should aim to:
(1)characters should be good; that is, they should be appreciated by the audience .
(2) they should be appropriate. A man has a mans role, and a mans way of thinking; the same goes to women; they can not have the same things as men have (in thinking).
(3)They should be life like.
(4)They should be consistent.

-A tragic hero, according to Aristotle, must be:
(1)an important person.
(2)Not very good, and not bad.
(3)Must have some weakness in his character; he must have a tragic flaw, that leads to his downfall.

-There are kinds of recognition:
(1)recognition by signs; which is the least artful.
(2)recognition by using one of the characters, who reveals the truth to the audience; and this is not artful.
(3)By means of a memory, when someone reacts to something he sees.
(4)Recognition resulting from an inference; that is, by guessing.
(5)The best recognition of all is, that which results from the incidents themselves, when our astonishment comes about by means of probable incidents.

-Tragedy has two parts:
(1)Complication: the tragedy from the beginning up to, where there is transformation towards good fortune or misfortune.
(2)Solution: the tragedy from the beginning of the transformation up to the end.

-the universal, not the particular, should be stressed, for unlike history, which deals with what happens; poetry or tragedy deals with what could happen and is therefore closer to perfection, or truth.

Beginning--complication------(transformation)---Climax----solution-------------- End.

يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:04 PM   #3

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

Longinus (1st century A.D.)

-Longinus has an important place in literary history for his treatise “On the Sublime”.

-Probably he was Greek, Longinus often peppers his Greek and Latin writings with Hebrew quotations, making himself the first literary critic to borrow from a different literary tradition and earning him the title of the first comparative critic in literary history.

-Unlike Plato, Aristotle, and Horace, who focus on a work’s essence, the important parts of a work, and literary taste; Longinus concentrates on single elements of a , and he is the first critic to define a literary classic.

-As he said, no one can judge a literary work, unless he is exceedingly well read (a good reader).

-A well read critic can evaluate and recognize what is great or, what Longinus calls: sublime.

-Sublime: what is splendid.

-When our intellects, or emotions, and our wills harmoniously respond to a given work of art, we have been touched by the sublime. (he means all readers can recognize the sublime in a work).

-The five sources of Sublimity, according to Longinus, are:

(1)The first and most important is the power to conceive great thoughts.
(2)Strong and inspired emotions.

Note: these two above, are natural; the remaining three involve art.

(3)Certain kinds of figure (of thoughts & figures of speech).
(4)Noble diction. (animated vocabulary) which is:
-choice of words.
-the use of phorical & artificial language.
(5)Dignified and elevated word- arrangement.

-Until the late 17th century, few people considered Longinus’ “On the Sublime”, important.

-By the 18th century, it was recognized. Why?; because:
(1)By emphasizing the author (who must possess a great mind& soul).
(2)Emphasizing the work itself( a must be composed of dignified and elevated diction while simultaneously disposing the reader to high thoughts).
(3)And by emphasizing the reader’s response( the reaction of a learned audience in large part determines the value or worth of any given ). So, by these, Longinus’ critical method foreshadows New Criticism, Reader-response, and other schools of 20th century criticism.

يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:05 PM   #4

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

Sir Philip Sydney (1554- 1586)
Sydney is the first great English critic and poet. He lives in what is called the Renaissance Age. His work "An Apology for Poetry" has great influence on the Renaissance Age.

- He borrows many theories and ideas of different critics before him; such as Plato, Aristotle and Horace, and borrowed, also, some ideas from Italian critics of his time:

- He follows Aristotle in many things; such as:
1- Poetry is an imitation.
2- He values poetry over history, law and philosophy.
3- He believes in the three unities, time, action and place.

- Also, He believes that poetry is for delight and teaching, like Horace

- But he is different from other in that he believes that poetry embodies truth.

- In his letter, he defends poetry and attacks people who think poetry is mindless and useless.

يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:06 PM   #5

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

John Dryden (1631- 1700)

Dryden is a neo-classical poet. He is the most important poet in his time. He is responsible of the improvement of the meter and the refinement of the proper language for poetry at his time.

In his most famous work "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy", he uses a very unique structure in wring it. It is written in a dialogue form in which four people discuss many things about poetry:

- Nature: should poets imitate nature immediately or they should imitate great authors of the classical age; such as Homer and by imitating those famous authors, poets imitate nature. In discussing this, Dryden shows the benefit of the two both.

- The three unites, place, time and action, which he believes poets must follow.

- The language of the play which he believes it must be on proper speech.

- Issues of decorum that is should the violent acts appear on the stage or not. He ends with saying that violent acts should not appear on the stage.

- The differences between English and French theater. He believes that English is better because of its 1- diversity, 2- its use of the stage and 3- its Shakespearian tradition.

- The important of writing with the rhyme rather than blank verse although he writes by using blank verse in his later works.

Finally, formality, clarity, order, decorum, elegance, cleverness and wit should be the characteristics of literary work.

يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:11 PM   #6

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

اسئلة بس بدون اجوبة
:
a) Plato argues that poets depend on reason rather than intuiation for their inspiration. T F

b) Aristotle never addresses the didactic value of poetry or literature. T F

c) First, Aristotle condemned all poets and then he changed his view on poets. T F

d) Aristotle main concern is literary form or structure & components of literary work to produce a unified whole.
T F

e) Longinus observes that if our intellects or emotion & our wills harmoniously respond to a given work we know that we have been touched by the sublime T F

f) According to Dante, the critic becomes the custodian and defender if good taste and cultural values. T F

g)If the city was the centre of art & literature in the 18th century , rural places occupied the centerpiece in the early 19th century. T F

h) New Critics give little credence to the biographical and historical con~~~~ual history of a poem. T F


i) According to Wordsworth emotional outbreaks and free verse were '' extraordinaire'' and considered unrefined.
T F


J) For Rosenblatt the reader and the ~~~~ participate in or share a Transactional experience. T F

Part B: answer any TOW of the following in about 100 words each:

a) Discuss Mathew Arnold as a critic.

b) discuss T.S.Eliot views on "Impersonal theory of poetry"

c) Gerard Prince's views on narratology

d) Norman Holland's views on subjective criticism.


Part C: answer any ONE of the following in about 200 words:

a) Reader-response Criticism and I.A.Richards

b) New Criticism's Methodology

يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*
أسئلة النقد الفصلي(نهائي)

Part A: Circle the correct answer(10*2=20 marks)
1)…………………(Plato \ Aristotle)says that the spiritual realm is composed of "ideal " forms.
2)…………………(Aristotle\ Plato) suggests that the universal, not the particular should be stressed.
3)………………….(Horace\ longinus)maintains that the poet should avoid all extremes in subject matter, diction vocabulary & style.
4)unlike Plato ,Aristotle , and Horace, longinus concentrates on single elements of a ~~~~. (true\false)
5)if the 18th century valued order and reason , the 19th century emphasized intuition as a proper guide to truth. (true\false)
6)………………….(Hendry James \ dantes,)"the art of fiction "provides us with the first well-articulated theory of novel in English literature.
7)"intentional fallacy" means that a reader's emotional response to the ~~~~ is neither important nor *alent to its interpretation. (true\false)
8)for the new critics, tension implies the conflicts between a ward's denotation and connotation ,between a literal detail and a figurative one , and between an abstract and a concrete detail.(true\false)
9)like………………..(john Dryden\Alexander pope),Mathew Arnold insists that a critic should be preserver of good taste and cultural values.
10)……………………(reader response critics\new critics)concern with: "what is and what happens during the reading process?)


Part B : answer any tow of the following in about 100 wards:
a)discuss taine,s four environmental influences on a wrter .
b)I. A. Richard's theory of "appetencies"
c)define Rosenblatt's "transactional experience"
d)Hans Robert jauss,s views on phenomenology.

Part C :answer any one of the following in about 200 wards.(1*20=20)
a)new criticism's assumptions.
OR
b)structuralism and Gerard prince

خلص الملخص لكن للامانة انا اعرف كم واحد من اللي فوق لانو لسا انا ما ختمت المنهج فما ادري رح يقابلوني البقية ولا هم اصلا مو معانا
معليش واذا في شي غلط قولوه عشان الغيه

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 03-02-2009, 07:15 PM   #7

مملكة عمري

في غربة :(

الصورة الرمزية مملكة عمري

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: English
نوع الدراسة: إنتظام
المستوى: متخرج
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 1,377
افتراضي رد: critisim

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة lovely aroma مشاهدة المشاركة
خلص الملخص لكن للامانة انا اعرف كم واحد من اللي فوق لانو لسا انا ما ختمت المنهج فما ادري رح يقابلوني البقية ولا هم اصلا مو معانا
معليش واذا في شي غلط قولوه عشان الغيه
لا ياقمر
مو كلهم معانا
تبين يصير فيني شينقرتين لعرض الصورة في صفحة مستقلة

معانا
plato
Aritotale
Longinus
Sir Philip Sydney
John Dryden

بقي كمان اثنين بس ماني فاكرتهم
أشوفها اورد

مشكورة على الملخصات
واضحة ومفيدة بس انتبهي تعتمدي عليهانقرتين لعرض الصورة في صفحة مستقلة
مو شاااملة
واسئلة أ.سهام تعتبر شاملة للمنهج كامل

بالتوفيييق

 

مملكة عمري غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 04-02-2009, 01:38 AM   #8

*MISS CUTE*

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية *MISS CUTE*

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Mar 2008
التخصص: English
نوع الدراسة: إنتظام
المستوى: متخرج
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 895
افتراضي رد: critisim

وعنا زيادة ...
coleridge
Frued
and Jung ...
بس هما دولا
فجعتيني اقول ايش ده كله ...
على رأي مملكة عمري ترى ماهي شاملة للمنهج ...

 

توقيع *MISS CUTE*  

 


La joie c`est l`amour.....
ما أجمل أن يفعل الإنسان شيء له قيمة إلى ما بعد الحياة ...

 

*MISS CUTE* غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 04-02-2009, 02:59 AM   #9

طالبة انجلش

shattered glass

الصورة الرمزية طالبة انجلش

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Jun 2008
التخصص: EnGlisH
نوع الدراسة: انتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 82
افتراضي رد: critisim

يعطيكي العافية ياعسلـ

 

طالبة انجلش غير متواجد حالياً  
 

منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
قديم 04-02-2009, 03:15 AM   #10

lovely aroma

جامعي

الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

 
تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي رد: critisim

انا عارفة انها مو شاملة بس اول ما بديت اذاكر وشفت الاوراق انصدمت كلها رؤوس اقلام وكلام ما يفهمه الا اللي حضر مع الاستاذة بس عشان كذا عجبتني الخلاصة هذي فسرت ابداء اقراها بعدين امسك الاوراق والله العظيم من الساعة 12 الظهر الين دحين الساعة 3 في الليل وانا اذاكر انهلكت وياااااااادوبك خلصت بلاتو وسدني وارسطو لونجينيوس قرأته الثاني درايدن مرررررة صعب خليته دحين
ولسة باقي الثلاثة التانيين قالتلي صحبتي مرة دش يعني رح بكرة اقطع شعري
شكلي رح ابداء اتجنن واحذف من عندي بعض الجزئيات

 

lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً  
 

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