نحو إتقان أصول التحليل الأدبي لجميع المستويات

[المسلم العربي]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين, وبعد..

يسرني اخوتي واخواتي أن أنقل لكم ما فيه الفائدة بإذن الله في المواد الأدبية..

سواءً كنتم تدرسون المقدمة أو المستويات الأخرى, فلا غنى عما في هذا الموضوع من أصول..

فالإلتزام بهذه القواعد وغيرها في المذاكرة وفي الواجبات والإمتحانات سيرسخها عندنا وبالتالي نرتقي بمستوانا اللغوي إلى درجة الإتقان بإذن الله..

كما أود أن أشير إلى أن بعض ما فيها قد مر معنا في مادة مناهج البحث Research Methods.

أولاً: أفكار أساسية مفيدة لكتابة تحليل أدبي.

Basic Tips for Writing a Literary Analysis

1. Write in the present tense.

EXAMPLE: In Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," the townspeople visit Emily Grierson's house because it smells bad.

NOT: In Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily," the townspeople visited Emily Grierson's house because it smelled bad.

2. Normally, keep yourself out of your analysis; in other words, use the third person (no I or you). Some instructors may require or allow the first or second person in an informal analysis if the usage is consistent, however, so check with your instructor.

FIRST PERSON: I believe that the narrator in "Sonny's Blues" is a dynamic character because I read many details about the changes in his attitude toward and relationship with Sonny.

THIRD PERSON: The narrator in "Sonny's Blues" is a dynamic character who changes his attitude toward and relationship with Sonny as the story progresses.

SECOND PERSON: At the end of "Everyday Use," Mama realizes that Maggie is like her but has not received the attention you should give your daughter to help her attain self-esteem.

THIRD PERSON: At the end of "Everyday Use," Mama realizes that Maggie is like her but has not received enough attention to build self-esteem.

3. Avoid summarizing the plot (i.e., retelling the story literally). Instead analyze (form a thesis about and explain) the story in literary terms.

PLOT SUMMARY: In Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart," the mad narrator explains in detail how he kills the old man, who screams as he dies. After being ed by a neighbor, the police arrive, and the madman gives them a tour through the house, finally halting in the old man's bedroom, where he has buried the man beneath the floor planks under the bed. As he is talking, the narrator hears what he thinks is the old man's heart beating loudly, and he is driven to confess the murder.

ANALYSIS: Though the narrator claims he is not mad, the reader realizes that the narrator in "The Telltale Heart" is unreliable and lies about his sanity. For example, the mad narrator says he can hear "all things in the heaven and in the earth." Sane people cannot. He also lies to the police when he tells them that the shriek they hear occurs in his dream. Though sane people do lie, most do not meticulously plan murders, lie to the police, and then confess without prompting. Finally, the madman is so plagued with guilt that he hears his own conscience in the form of the old man's heart beating loudly. Dead hearts do not beat, nor do sane people confuse their consciences with the sounds of external objects.

4. Include a clear thesis statement which addresses something meaningful about the literature, often about the theme. (See separate thesis handout.)

5. Use literary terms to discuss your points (i.e., character, theme, setting, rhyme, point of view, alliteration, symbols, imagery, figurative language, protagonist, and so forth).

NONLITERARY TERMS: To show that women are important, Adrienne Rich writes about Aunt Jennifer and the tigers that she creates in her needlework.

LITERARY TERMS: The poem "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers" contains vivid images and symbols which reveal a feminist perspective.

6. Do not confuse characters' (in fiction or drama) or speakers' (in poetry) viewpoints with authors' viewpoints.

AUTHOR: As a black woman, Eudora Welty faces racism in "A Worn Path." (Eudora Welty, the author, was not black.)

CHARACTER: As a black woman, Old Phoenix faces racism in "A Worn Path." (Old Phoenix, a character, is black.)

POET: In "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," Robert Frost is tempted to drift into his subconscious dream world, yet he knows he has other obligations to fulfill when he states, "But I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep." (The pronoun "I" refers to the speaker of the poem, not to Robert Frost, the poet.)

SPEAKER: In "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening," the speaker is tempted to drift into his subconscious dream world, yet he knows he has other obligations to fulfill when he states, "But I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep." (Here the "I" correctly refers to the speaker of the poem.)

7. Support your points with many quotations and paraphrases, but write the majority of your paper in your own words with your own ideas.

8. When writing a research paper that includes literary criticism, make sure that you form your own opinion rather than merely restate those of the critics. You may, however, use the critics' views to support yours.

9. Cite prose, poetry, drama, critics, and any other sources used according to specialized MLA standards. (See the current edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.)

© 2001 by Sierra College

Source:
http://lrc.sierra.cc.ca.us/writingce...sictipslit.htm

[المسلم العربي]

ثانياً: خطوط إرشادية لكتابة تحليل نقدي أدبي

Guidelines for Writing a Literary
Critical Analysis

What is a literary critical analysis?

A literary critical analysis explains a work of fiction, poetry or drama by means of interpretations. The goal of a literary analysis (as with any other analysis) is to broaden and deepen your understanding of a work of literature.

What is an interpretation?

An interpretation is an individual response that addresses meaning.

Example: The mother in Jamaica Kinkaid's story "Girl" cannot speak directly of her love for her daughter, so Kinkaid uses details about a woman's everyday life to convey her pride and anxiety about her daughter.

How do you develop an interpretation?

Interpretations are developed by an in-depth examination of a . An interpretation often will be the thesis of your paper.

How do you conduct an "in-depth" examination of a ?

1. Before reading the work, make sure to examine the title carefully. Often the title is a clue to
an important idea in the work.

2. Make sure you look up in the dictionary any words with which you are not familiar.

3. After reading the work the first time, ask yourself the following questions:

* What is the geographical, historical and social setting? How does this affect the story or poem?
* Who is (are) the main character(s)?
* Who are the secondary characters, and how are they linked to the main characters?
* Does the main character change? If so, how and why? If not, why not?
* What is the conflict? Can you trace the development and resolution of the conflict?
* Who is telling the story? How does this influence the story or poem?
* In poetry, can you find a pattern of rime and meter?

4. As you re-read the work, make sure you can answer these questions. Then ask yourself the following questions, which may help you to discover deeper meanings that will lead you to an interpretation.

* Can you summarize the author's meaning in one paragraph?
* Can you state a theme of the work in one sentence?
* Can you identify any symbols or phors? What do they mean?

How do you prove your interpretation?

You prove your interpretation by finding a pattern of examples in the literature that support your idea. You find this pattern in the literary elements, such as plot, point of view, character, setting, symbols, tone, and style. In poetry, the uses of language (rime, meter and phors) are also patterns that can support your interpretation.

If interpretations are an individual response, are all interpretations valid?

Because an interpretation must be supported, the strength or weakness of your interpretation rests on the strength or weakness of your argument. In other words, you must organize a discussion that convinces the reader that your point of view is astute.

Where do you find evidence to support your interpretation?

In a literary analysis evidence is found mainly from the work you are discussing. Secondary sources (published critical analyses) may support your point of view as well.

How much of the story should you retell in a critical analysis?

You do need to locate your reader to the scene or section of the poem that you are discussing; therefore, some plot summary is necessary, but re-telling the story or a poem is not considered an analysis. You can assume your reader has read the work.

What should be ed in a critical analysis?

Any secondary sources must, of course, be ed. Also, direct quotes should be ed. Unlike secondary sources, a summary of a literary scene or event does not need ation. Typically, MLA style ation is used.

© 2002 by Sierra College

Source:
http://lrc.sierra.cc.ca.us/writingcenter/litcrit.htm

[المسلم العربي]

وأرجو أن تشاركون بما ترون فيه النفع بإضافة ما لديكم

[مملكة عمري]

good effort brother
thank u

[المسلم العربي]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة مملكة عمري good effort brother thank u

May Allah reward you