الموضوع: critisim
عرض مشاركة واحدة
منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز منتديات طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك عبد العزيز
  #1  
قديم 03-02-2009, 06:02 PM
الصورة الرمزية lovely aroma

lovely aroma lovely aroma غير متواجد حالياً

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تاريخ التسجيل: Apr 2008
التخصص: english
نوع الدراسة: إنتساب
المستوى: التاسع
الجنس: أنثى
المشاركات: 226
افتراضي critisim


السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
وانا قاعدة اذاكر في النوتس كان نفسي الاقي ملخص يتكلم بترابط يعني ما حبيت الترقيم والاسهم حسيتها ضيعتني
ولقيت هذا الملخص مرررررة عجبني وقرايته تعطي فكرة عامة حلوة
ما ادري اذا كان موجود من اول ولا لاء بس ان شاء الله يفيدكم

Summary of Literary Criticism (level 6


For Plato, poetry is the imitation of the physical objects which are the imitation of "the form". The "form" is the abstract conception of the plurality of specific things that exist in the world of ideas in Heaven. He, in his book The Republic book X, attacks poetry and poets and he justifies his rejection of poetry for many reasons:

1- Poetry is a copy of a copy. Plato believes that every object in the physical world is an imitation of the form. For example, the actual bed, which is manmade, is an imitation of the idea of the bed in Heaven. We can have many kinds of bed but the idea or the basic function of them is one. What poets are actually doing is that they imitate the physical objects which are the imitation of the Form. Thus, poets present things which are two steps away from reality and that leads away from truth.

2, Poetry is an imitation of the appearance of the physical objects rather than being the imitation of the ideal conception, the form, of things which is the truth.

3- Poets are useless because they produce images or appearance of things rather than making originals. For example, a poet can speak about a bed or draw one but he can not manufacture it.

4- Poets talk about things they do not know about. They do not have knowledge or belief in what they are representing. For example, Homer speaks about warfare in his works but he dose not know any thing about plans of wars. Therefore, they are not public benefactor because they can not teach others how to manufacture things and thus, they waist their time for nothing.

5- In their tragedies, Poets communicate with the lower part of our mind, and urge us to believe in our senses, which are unreliable, rather than reason. By speaking to the lower part of our mind, poets are fattening that part and make it lead us in our life and forget about our reason. When we following our senses, we train ourselves in using that weak part of our mind in our judgments and that will lead us away from actual truth. It is known that the emotional part of our mind does not give accurate answers about things but the reason part does that. Therefore, it is not healthy to give a chance to someone teaches us bad habit that is to rely on the weak part of our mind in our judgment.

6- Poets lie to us by representing people who are not faithful to the characteristics of real people in life. It is known that people are full of contradictions; however, in poetry we meet people who are without, or with little, contradictions; such as characters who are always good or always bad. So, poets lie to us by presenting, in their works, people as they like to imagine them not as they are in real life.

7- Instead of urging people to restrain their emotional and to be patient and to endure hardships that people face in life, poets represent, in their tragedies, people who can not endure hardships of life by using their emotions in dealing with such things just like women.

8- Poets always write about things that deal with the lower part of our mind because speaking to senses is easier than of speaking to reason.

9- Poets write for the popular taste and tell stories of men's pleasant vices. They do not write about things that speak to our reason but to the emotional part of our mind.

10-Also, they tell lies about gods. Thus, that has bad effect on the morality of people.

11- Poets, in their tragedies, make the judgment in dramatic matter left to all people. Thus, that would result in lawlessness and license and that would make ordinary people think that they are capable of giving judgments in all problems of life.

12- Poetry has a great capacity for deforming people including the good ones. For example, when a poet represent a hero expresses his grief because of having troublesome, we sympathy with him For example, in Hamlet for Shakespeare, Hamlet can not deal with the hardships of life he faces but, in return, he keeps remembering them which cause him pain all the time. Thus, when we ourselves have troublesome in real life, we unconsciously remember him and follow the way he deals with his problem and that is a bad behavior.

13- In comedy, also, poets represent funny behaviors and things that people would laugh at and feel ashamed to do them in real life. By representing such things, people will get used to seeing such behavior, and thus they imitate them and become comedian in their own real lives.

14- Poetry that contains elements of sex and anger, also, has great impact on people. Such things will let people forget about their moralities and, in return, these things will be their ruler in life.

After accounting these negative effects of poetry on societies, Plato says that there are only two types of poetry that he would accept: first, religious hymns to the gods, and second, elegies of good people in order to make people learn and benefit from their lives and experience.

Then, he says that these are the things that we have against poetry and the things that give us the right to banish poets from our city, and if poets have anything to defend themselves, we are ready to listen to them. Also, critics are welcome to speak on behave of poets and defend what they believe in. At the end, if they prove that there is more than mere pleasure in poetry by being beneficial to the society and human life, they would be welcome back to our city. However, our balance here is that it must be all good to the whole fields of life.
يتبع إن شاء الله,,,,,,,,,,,,

 


توقيع lovely aroma  


اللهم ارحم حسام...اللهم ارحم حسام...اللهم ارحم حسام
اللهم ارحم فاطمة واغفرلها ونور قبرها
اللـهـم اّنسهم في وحدتهم وفي وحشتهم وفي غربتهم
اللـهـم اجعل قبورهم روضة من رياض الجنة ,ولا تجعلها حفرة من حفر النار
اللهم انا نتوسل بك اليك ونقسم بك عليك ان ترحمهم ولا تعذبهم
اللـهـم اعفو عنهم فإنك القائل "ويعفو عن كثير"
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا اتانا اليقين ,وعرق منا الجبين ,كشر الانين والحنين
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا يئس منا الطبيب ,وبكي علينا الحبيب وتخلي عنا القريب والغريب
وارتفع النشيج والنحيب .
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا اشتدت الكربات وتوالت الحسرات واطبقت الروعات وفاضت العبرات ,
وتكشفت العورات وتعطلت القوي والقدرات .
اللـهـم ارحمنا اذا بلغت التراقي وقيل من راق وتأكدت فجيعة الفراق للأهل والفراق