Phonetics
What is phonetic?
It is the study of human speech sounds.
The sound of spoken English do not match up most of the time with the letters of written English. One solution to solve this issue which is to produce separate alphabet with symbols to represent sound, these symbols called t5he "phonetic alphabet".
Fields of phonetics:
Articulatoy phonetics\ which is the study of how sounds are produced.
Acoustic phonetics\ which deals with the physical properties of sounds.
Auditory phonetics\ which deals with the perception via the ears of speech sounds.
Forensic phonetics\ has application in legal cases.
How are sounds produced?
Most sounds are produced by an air stream from the lungs through one or more speech organs.
Where and how? Obstructions are in the air stream determined the identity of the sound produced. When the shape of the vocal tract changes, different sounds are produced.
Vocal organs- articulators:
Alveolar ridge, tongue, nasal cavity , palate , velum , uvula ,pharynx, larynx , vocal cords.
Consonants and vowels\
Consonants: obstruction of airflow.
Vowels: free flow of air.
Articulation :voiced and voiceless
Voiceless: the vocal folds are pulled apart, so that they do not vibrate.e.g.sssssss.
Voiced: the vocal folds are pressed lightly together, so that they do vibrate.e.gezzzzzzz.
Place of articulation:
Bilabial{b,p,m,w},these are sound formed by using both lips.
Labiodentals{f,v},these sounds formed by the upper teeth and the lower lip.
Dental{ q, ً },these sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth.
Alveolar{ s,z,n,d,l,r,t},they are formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.
Alveo-palatals{ٹ.Č. ژ. Ĵ },these sounds produced with the tongue at the very front of the palate.
Palatal{y}, this sound produced with the tongue in the middle of the palate.
Velar{k,g, },they are produced with the back of the tongue against the velum.
Glottal{h},it is produced without the active use of the tongue and the other parts of the mouth.
Manner of articulation:
Stops[p,t,k,b,d,g],they are also called plosive.
Fricatives [ ڑ..ө.đ.h]
Affricates [Ĵ. Č]
Nasals[m,n,, ŋ]
Approximants [y,w],also called semi- vowels, glides.
Laterals [i,r].
Consonants:
can be described by using three parameters: voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation.examples\[b] is a voiced bilabial stop,[s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative.
What is a vowel?
It is a sound produced without major constriction in the vocal tract.
Since the sound is nit produced by constriction, the energy comes primarily from the vocal cords.
Vowels are all voiced.
Vowels can be classified along three parameters:
Tongue height=
Tongue back ness=
Lip rounding =
A complete deion of the vowels:
To describe a vowel in a complete way, you have to do the following. First, decide whether it is rounded or not .second, decide whether it is high-minded or low.third,decide whether it is front, central or back. for example,/i/ is a high-front,/e/is a higher mid-front,/a/ is low- central,/u/ is high-back rounded,/o/ is mid back rounded.
Diphthong: is a combination of 2 sounds or a combined vowel sounds.e.g.
[aw] cow, down
[ay] ride, high
[כy] boy , toy
Phonetic tranion\
The best – known system:
The international phonetic alphabet(IPA).
(IPA)has been developing since 1888.
The system represents each sound of human speech with a single symbol. the symbol is enclosed in brackets[ ].
Benefits of phonetic tranion\
We can use it across languages, there is one symbol for every possible human sound
هذا من احد المواقع التي وضعها احد الاعضاء جزاه الله خير عرضه للدرس اسهل من الكتاب بكثير