رد: critisim
Longinus (1st century A.D.)
-Longinus has an important place in literary history for his treatise “On the Sublime”.
-Probably he was Greek, Longinus often peppers his Greek and Latin writings with Hebrew quotations, making himself the first literary critic to borrow from a different literary tradition and earning him the title of the first comparative critic in literary history.
-Unlike Plato, Aristotle, and Horace, who focus on a work’s essence, the important parts of a work, and literary taste; Longinus concentrates on single elements of a , and he is the first critic to define a literary classic.
-As he said, no one can judge a literary work, unless he is exceedingly well read (a good reader).
-A well read critic can evaluate and recognize what is great or, what Longinus calls: sublime.
-Sublime: what is splendid.
-When our intellects, or emotions, and our wills harmoniously respond to a given work of art, we have been touched by the sublime. (he means all readers can recognize the sublime in a work).
-The five sources of Sublimity, according to Longinus, are:
(1)The first and most important is the power to conceive great thoughts.
(2)Strong and inspired emotions.
Note: these two above, are natural; the remaining three involve art.
(3)Certain kinds of figure (of thoughts & figures of speech).
(4)Noble diction. (animated vocabulary) which is:
-choice of words.
-the use of phorical & artificial language.
(5)Dignified and elevated word- arrangement.
-Until the late 17th century, few people considered Longinus’ “On the Sublime”, important.
-By the 18th century, it was recognized. Why?; because:
(1)By emphasizing the author (who must possess a great mind& soul).
(2)Emphasizing the work itself( a must be composed of dignified and elevated diction while simultaneously disposing the reader to high thoughts).
(3)And by emphasizing the reader’s response( the reaction of a learned audience in large part determines the value or worth of any given ). So, by these, Longinus’ critical method foreshadows New Criticism, Reader-response, and other schools of 20th century criticism.
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