شباب هذه بعض التعريفات اللتي استطعت الحصول عليها من المنتدى ارجوواا منكم اكمال الناقص
1. Syntax :-
- which seeks to describe the way words fit together to form sentences or
utterances, and SEMANTICS and PRSGMATICS which study meaning.
2.Word categories :-
- Clearly there are rules governing the way in which words can be put together to
form syntactically well-formed or GRAMMATICAL sentences .
3. Tree Diagrams :-
- As stated before, both types of formula serve two purposes. First, they
describe sentences that we already know are grammatical sentences of English
4. Predicate :-
- The rest of the sentence is called the PREDICATE .
5. Adverbs and Adverb Phrases :-
- An ADVERB (or Adv for short) is another word category. As far as meaning
is concerned, adverbs often add information in relation to circumstances
of manner, time, or place: in other words, they answer the question ; How ?
When?', Where ? For example .
6. Prepositions and Prepositional phrases :-
- PREPOSITIONS (P) belong to a small group or class of words which express
relations of place, direction, time or possession. Words belonging to this class
include, of, at, to, from, till, with, for, beside, against, up, down, by and so on.
7. Transitive Verb ;-
- functioning as the direct object of the verb likes and that the verb likes was a
TRANSITIVE VERB
8. Intransitive :-
- By contrast, the INTRANSTIVE VERB, as its name suggests, is a class of
verb which does not take on object.
9. Ditransitive :
- Another class of verb which occurs with an object is DITRNSITIVE. However
this type of verb, again as its name implies, requires two objects
('di meaning 'two' ). One of these is the familiar direct object, the other an
INDIRECT OBJECT or iO for short, For example, in the sentences.
10. Intensive Verb :
- INTENSIVE VERBS (sometimes referred to as relational, linking, or copular
belong to a small group which include verbs like, be (most commonly), seem,
appear, become, look and so on. What these verbs have in common is that
what follows the verb in a sentence relates back to what precedes the verb.
11. Complex-transitive Verb :-
- Another class of verb to appear with a complement is called COMPLEX-
TRANSITIVE. With his type of verb the complement relates to the object,
not the subject. The complement is therefore an OBJECT COMPLEMENT
and the shorthand version is oC. For example.
12. Prepositional Verb :
- A prepositional verb is one which requires a prepositional phrase in
order to be complete. Verbs like glance, lean, refer, fall into this class.
13. Imperative :
- The imperative mood differs from this in that it is used to give commands
or instructions. Sentences in the imperative may omit the subject NP.
for example :
* Close the door! * Beat the eggs lightly .
14. Modal Auxiliaries : .
- will, should, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must , ought to, and
marginally:- (need, dare, used to )
15. Pirmary Auxiliaries :
- Auxiliary verbs which are not modals are called PRIMARU auxiliaries.
These are: ( have, be , do )
- The primary auxiliary we have not considered so far is do. DO turns up to
lend support to the lexical verb only in certain constructions and where
there is no another auxiliary verb already present. For example you can
make a straightforward statement like:
16. Progressive Aspect :
- The other kind of aspect is called progressive aspect (OROG) and this is
indicated by the presence of the auxiliary verb be, For example :
* Sally is walking along the beach * Sue was giving the do a bone.
17.Pre-and Post-modification :
- Noun phrases, then, can consist of one constituents, the head (e.g. PRO)
or more than one constituent (e.g. DET + N ) Where other constituents do
exist, they from part of the noun phrase and are said to modify the head
noun. Constituents which modify the head noun can appear before it or
after it. Those which appear before the head noun are called PRE-
MODIFIERS; those which appear after the head noun are called POST-
MODIFIERS. We will look at pre-modifiers first.
18. Pre-modification :
- Constituents which pre-modify nouns are determiners (DET), adjective
phrases (AP), and nouns.
19. Genitives :
- Apart from the list above, the possessive determiner can also be realized
as a phrase, for example : (boy’s – Kate's)
20. Post-modification :
- As started before, constituents which modify the head noun can also appear
after the noun. Such constituents are post-modifiers. Here we will look at
two ways to post-modify a nouns : (The dog – with three – which )
21. Prepositional Phrase :
- We have already looked at prepositional phrases (PP) with regard to other
function; that is, as adverbials and ass indirect objects. Now we come to a
further function; that of post-modifying the head noun in a noun phrase.
Take the example above: (with three legs)
22. Relative clause :
- A relative clause is a bit different from anything we’ve looked at so far
because it introduces a kind of subsidiary sentence into the main one.
for example : ( The cat which is lying ion the mat loves dogs )
23. Subordination :
- Most of our example sentences so far have consisted of one clause. That is
we have taken different subjects and said one thing about them in each
sentence .
24. Relative Clause : -
- You will remember that we said that a relative clause post-modifies the
head noun of a noun phrase (see pages 95-6). In this case the relative clause
is that loves dogs and it pos-modifies the noun cat.
25. Post-modifier :
- like relative clauses, non-finite clauses can function as post-modifies to head
noun (see pages 95-8) and 103-4) For example .