[شرف الكلمة]

Formation of -Ing Verbs
There are certain rules for forming -ing verbs just as there are for the -ed forms.
1. VERBS THAT END IN -E
Drop the -e and add -ing:
hope-->hoping
date-->dating
2. VERBS THAT END IN -Y
If -y is preceded by a vowel, keep the -y:
buy-->buying
If -y is preceded by a consonant, keep the -y:
try-->trying
study-->studying
3. VERBS THAT END IN -IE
Change the -ie to -y:
die-->dying
lie-->lying
4. VERBS THAT END IN TWO CONSONANTS
Just add the -ing ending:
start-->starting
Verbs that end in a vowel and a consonant follow special rules.
FOR ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS:
1 vowel-->2 consonants (stop--> stopping)
2 vowels-->1 consonant (dream--> dreaming)
FOR TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS:
1st syllable stressed-->1 consonant (listening)
2nd syllable stressed-->2 consonants (preferring)
Direct and Indirect Speech
In newspapers, magazines, and books, you will often see quoted or direct speech:
--They said, "We have no record of this transaction."
--He stated, "I don't know what happened."
In spoken English, reported or indirect speech will be used instead:
--They said that they had no record of this transaction.
--He stated that he didn't know what happened.
In reported or indirect speech, no quotation marks are used and the subject of the main clause and the dependent clause are the same.
Here are some rules for tense usage in indirect speech:
1. If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (said, reported, stated, etc.), the verb in the dependent clause will also be in the past.
2. Here is a chart indicating typical transformations:
QUOTED IN-->REPORTED IN
simple present-->simple past
present progressive-->perfect progressive
present perfect-->past perfect
simple past-->past perfect
future-->conditional
EXAMPLES:
--I said, "She reads the paper everyday."
-->I said she read the paper everyday.
--I said, "She is reading the paper everyday."
-->I said she was reading the paper....
--I said, "She has read the paper everyday."
-->I said she had read the paper....
--I said, "She read the paper everyday."
-->I said she had read the paper....
--I said, "She will read the paper everyday."
-->I said she would read the paper....
In reported speech, an imperative will change to an infinitive. Furthermore, say will be replaced by a form of tell:
--He said, "Show me your passport."
-->He told me to show my passport.

The Emphatic Form of the Present
The third form of the present tense in English is for emphasis. When you use do as an auxiliary in an affirmative sentence, it makes the verb stronger:
--Do you speak English or French?
--I don't speak French, but I do speak English.
--He does understand you, doesn't he?*
*Do for emphasis is also used in a sentence with a tag question when you want to be sure you have the right information.



The Forms of "To Do"
TO DO:
I do do I?
you do do you?
she does does she?
we do do we?
they do do they?

The Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive tense refers to an action that will be underway at a particular time in the future. When used in conjunction with when + a present tense, the future progressive action will precede the present tense in time and may continue after it:
--The clerk will be weighing the bananas when you return.
TENSE FORMATION (Future Progressive)
Simply put the helping verb (a form of to be) into the future tense and use the -ing form of the main verb:
--We buy groceries.
-->We will be buying groceries.

If.... Then Constructions
A frequent pattern in English is the use of constructions with if followed by a clause of result (then, either stated or implied):
--If you take Interstate 85, (then) you'll get there faster.
In this kind of sentence the if clause introduces a hypothetical statement. When the if clause is in the present tense, the result (then) clause is in the future:
--If it becomes (present) any hotter, we'll have to go (future) swimming.
--I'll send (future) you some money, if you need it (present).
Now you have seen the if (present tense), then (future tense) pattern. Here are two other sequences:
-- If (past tense), then (conditional tense)
-- If (past perfect), then (past conditional)
--If I had (past) more time, I would read (conditional) this book.
--They would have won (past conditional) the race, if they had run (past perfect) faster.
NOTE: When you use the verb to be after if, were not was is the preferred form:
--If he were younger, he would ski every day.
More On the Progressive Tenses
Certain categories of verbs are usually not used in any of the progressive tenses. When the verbs below are used in one of the progressive tenses, they usually have a different meaning:
--You will be hearing from me.
(I will get in touch with you later.)
--She is having trouble.
(She is experiencing trouble).

SENSES MENTAL ACTIVITY
hear know
taste believe
smell think
see understand
remember
mean
recognize
POSSESSION ATTITUDES
possess dislike
own seem
have appear
belong look
want like
prefer hate
need appreciate
love

The Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense is used when expressing activity that was completed in the past before another past activity or time:
--Until yesterday, they had never seen the film.
--After the restaurant had closed, the customers went home.
To form the past perfect, use had + the past participle.
NOTE: It is easy to confuse the forms for the past perfect and the past perfect progressive:
--They had waited for five hours when the plane arrived.
--They had been waiting for five hours when the plane arrived.
(In this sentence the emphasis is on duration in the past

The Past Progressive Tense
In a previous section, you learned about the present progressive tense. The past progressive is used when talking about something that was in progress at a particular time in the past:
--They were buying groceries when we arrived.
The buying of groceries probably began before and continued after the arrival of we.
TENSE FORMATION (Past Progressive)
Simply put the helping verb (a form of to be) into the past tense and use the -ing form of main verb:
--We are playing tennis.
-->We were playing tennis.
The Perfect Progressive Tenses
In previous sections, you learned about the perfect and progressive tenses. The perfect progressive tenses are used to indicate duration in the past. The three forms are:
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, and FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.
Here are examples of each:
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
I have been reading for one hour.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
We had been traveling for three days when we ran out of money.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
He will have been working there for a year by the time you arrive
Formation of the Perfect Progressive Tenses
1. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
This tense indicates duration of an activity beginning in the past and continuing into the present. It is often used with time words like for, since, all day, etc.
Begin with 'has' or 'have' + 'been' followed by -ing form of the verb.
--They have been watching television for three hours.
NOTE: When the present perfect progressive is used without reference to time, it indicates a general activity in progress recently:
--I have been thinking about renting a car.

2. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
This tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.
Begin with 'had' + 'been' followed by -ing form of the verb.
--I had been waiting for an hour when the doctor arrived.