[الطيار]

Chapter3
The consonants of English

Stops:


1-There are nine(9) stops(3 Nasal \m\ ,\n\,\ng\---- and six (6)Oral \p\,\b\,\t\,\d\,\k\,\g\).

2- Stops are produced dy obstructing completly the air stream somewhere in the mouth.


3-\p\,\t\,\k\ When come in initial position(first sound) of the word to vowel by example(Pie,Tie,) but when come after an initial consonant( sPy,sTy,sKy) they are called(unaspirated).


4- voiceless stop \p,t,k\at the end of words pronounced without exploding air,example(Fat,Cap,Nap)


5- Glottal stop : is a sound produced when the vocal cords held tightly together#?# glottal stop is sound (T) followed by schwa and nasal (m,n,ng) example (beaten)


6-Nasal plosion : when both sound are alveolar(d,n)or(t,n) but the latter is nasal the air pressure that built behind the stop closure is released through the nose by lowing the velum(soft palate). Example(sadden,sudden,leaden,kitten)


7-homorganic :when two sounds have the same place of articulation.


8-lateral plosion :when an alveolar stop (T),(d) occurs before a homorganic latral (L) as in -----little , middle, cattle


9-coarticulation : is the overlapping of adjacent articulation \t\,\d\ followed by th , TH we pronounce d.t deatal in eighth width.


10-Anticipatory coarticulation: Tow voiceless stop after avowal,apt,act


11-fricatives:these are (9)sounds f,v,th,Th ,s,z,3,sh,h


Obstruents : natural class of sounds include stop and fricatives.


12-affricates: sequence of stop followed by a homorganic fricatives the are ch,j=d3


13-nasels: m , n , ng


A)they are syllabic when occur at end of word. Example sudden, table ,prism ,jack.


14-Aproximants :(semi,vowels) \w,r,y,L\ the first three are central Approximants and the \L\ is lateral Approximant , they are voiceless when they follow voiceless stops (p,k,t) EX:prey , twins , pry ,we put diacrititic{o} under them.


\J\ Approximant comes in clusters always followed by \u:\.EX. cue


\w\ Approximant when comes after a stop makes it rounded we draw a {o},to show rounding.EX, twice,, quick.

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