السؤال الأول 16 درجة تكلم عن الــ language & ethnic groups وحاطلك صفحة كاملة أسطر فاضية
الخيارات والصح والخطأ كانت عن النقاط التالية :
1- Primarily lnaguage serves as means for communicating information only خطأ
2- There are thus two typles of dialects Geographical dialects and social dialects
3- Accent referes to differences in pronunciation only
4- Idiolect is an individual's unique way of speaking it contains idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual's speech
5- In certain cases neither dialect nor lnaguae reperesnts a clear cut concept
6- It is not always possible to state in lingustic terms where people stop speaking one dialect or language and start speaking another
7-Standardize lnaguges of independent countries
8- A standard variety cannot legitimately be considered better than other varieties of the lnaguae
9- There is nothing at all inherent in nonstandard varieies that make them inferior
10- Variety of language that is used by a particular social class
11- Separated by social barriers and distance similar to geographical ones
12- social startafication is a term used to explain the herarchial ordering of a society especially in terms of wealth power and social status
13- THe more heterogeneous a society is the more heterogeneous is its language
14- In india unlike in the western societies traditional society is stratified into different castes
15- Dialectologists focused their study of language variation on geographical dialects of rural areas
16- language is a very imprtant marker of ehtnic identity
17- The male female diference is also very often signaled grammatically in the languages of the wold with varying degrees
18- English and French have sex marking but only in third person singular
19- Varieties of language which differ from one another is called styles
20- Vocabulary which is at the extremely informal end of the continuum is known as slang
21- Diglossia is a particular kind of lnague standardization where two distinct varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the speech communtiy
22- THe high variety is used in sermons formal letters political speeches university lectures news broadcasts newspaper editorilas and high poetry
23- THe low variety used in conversation with family and friends radio serials political and academic discussions political cartoons and folk literature
24- In many communitites around the world the verbal reprtoire of speakers may contain totally unrelated languages
25- Code switching is presumably a subconscious lingustic behavior and it has the effect of making the conversation more intimate and or confidential
Differences in communicative rules between cultures can often lead in cross cultral communication to misunderstanding and even hostility -26
27- One aspect of communication that may cause problems of miscommunication is directness and indirectness
28- Indireness may be an important strategy if one is to spare themselves and others the embarrassment
29- A koine is a dialect developed as aresult of contact between two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.
30- we have learned from sociolingustic research that social change can produce grammatical change over time
31- Lingua Franca is a highly simplified language used among people whre native lanugaes differ