[طارق الأمل]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

هذا العمل من اعدادي و فية بعض النقاط للشابتر الثاني و التعاريف و الايضاحات

Communication ( التواصل )

هناك نوعين من التواصل

1- Communicative signals

Behavior used intentionally to provide information

وهو سلوك يستخدم لايصال المعلومات عمدا

كما عندما يتحدث الشخص او يشير الى شيئا ما بقصد ايصال المعلومة

e.g.

When you say my name is Ahmad.

Here you are intentionally delivered information about your name

2- informative signals>

Behavior that provide information usually unintentionally

و هو سلوك عادة يقدم المعلومة بغير قصد

E.g.

When you cough and someone near to you

Anyone around you became informed you are probably sick

Properties of human language

(خصائص اللغة الأنسانية)

The communication is not the primary of human language

All creatures in some way could communicate.

But there are some features for human only

Reflexivity

It is the fact that we can use language to think and talk about language itself

Making it one of distinguishing feature of human language.

انها الواقع باننا نستطيع استخدام اللغة للتفكير و التحدث عن اللغة نفسها

مما يجعلها الخاصية المميزة للغة الأنسانية

Important

Without this general ability (reflexivity) we would not be able to reflect and identify

Any of of other distinct properties of human language such

Displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, culture transmission, and duality

1- Displacement

A property of language that allows users talk about thing and evens

Not present in immediate environment and things and places whose existence

We cannot even be sure of

انها خاصية لغوية تسمح بالتحدث عن اشياء و الاحداث الغير موجودة في الحاضر الحالي

و ايضا قابلية التحدث عن الاشياء و الاماكن التي لا نستطيع الوثوق من وجودها

e.g.

When we talk about the past, future or heaven and hell

Animal s could not talk about these things but there is a little exception

About bees it seems to have some version of displacement

When a honeybee finds a source of nectar it returns

To the others and does and complex dance to tell about the nectar source.

2- Arbitrariness

A property of language describing the fact is no natural connection

Between linguistic form and its meaning.

خاصية تصف واقع انة لا علاقة بين الشكل اللغوي و المعنى

e.g.

there is no connection between the word dog and and the animal itself

It’s just a name for an object.

But

there are some words language that seem sounds of objects or activities

and seem to have less arbitrary connection but still are relatively rare in human language .

English examples: cuckoo , crash , slurp , squelch or whirr

3- Productivity

A property of language that allows users to create new expressions by manipulating

Their linguistic resources to describe a new objects and situations

And also called creativity or open-endedness

هي خاصية لغوية تتيح ابتكار تعابير جديدة بالتلاعب في المصادر اللغوية

لوصف اشياء و مواقف جديدة و تسمى ايضا الابداعية اللغوية او

Open-endedness

e.g.

humans could create new words , songs ,and plays

animals has limited signals to use

and no ability to create a new signal

4- Culture transmission

A process whereby is language passed from one generation to the next

هي العملية التي تنتقل فيها اللغة من جيل الى اخر

e.g.

we are not born with ability to produce specific language such as English

we acquire our first language as children in culture

5- Duality

A property of language whereby linguistic form have two levels or layers

Of sound production and meaning called duality or double articulation

هي خاصية لغوية حيث الشكل اللغوي تنظم الى مستويين مستوى انتاج الصوت و مستوى انتاج المعنى

و تسمى الثنائية او التعبير المزدوج

e.g.

liters and word

we could produce individual liters

t , c , a

but in particular companion we get the meaning

cat










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