[ماجد البير]

• Clefting is a useful way of discovering which words in a sentence form constituents and which do not. By used (it is/ was...... that).
Sentences resulting from the clefting process ate called cleft sentences.
• Pseudo-clefting is a process closely related to clefting. This
involves the use of (what) to form sentences.

• Passivisation is a way of rearranging the information in a sentence.
by using put [patient object] in position [subject] and complete by [by].

• Pronominalisation is substitution by pronouns

• Fronting or preposing : only certain sentence elements can be fronted, and these elements must be constituents. which moved to the beginning of the sentence .