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الجزء الأول

مقدمة في الأدب
What is the literature?
1- Literature is imaginative or creative writing especially of recognized artistic value .
2- Literature is writing that teaching and delights.

Why study literature?
1-Some knowledge and understanding can greatly enhance our personal appreciations of literature and our conversations with others about it.
2-literature has a context and history, and learning something about them can make all the difference in the amount and kind of pleasure and insight you derive from literature.
What is the definition of :
Irony: a technique used to emphasize a gap between reality and appearance.
Symbolism: something that means more than what it is ,an object, person, situation or an action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meaning as well, a figure of speech which may be real both literally and figuratively.
Sitting: the context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.
Plot: the sequence of incidents or events of which a story composed, and the way that the sequence is ordered.
Theme: the central idea of a literary work.
Point of view: the angle of vision from which a story is told.
Omniscient point of view: the story is told by voice using third person , knowing all and free to tell anything, including what the characters are thinking, feeling and why they act as they do.
Limit omniscient point of view: the story is told by voice using third person, but limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story, what that character thinks , feels ,sees or hears.
Objective point of view: the story is told by deion and avoiding commenting on or interpreting characters' behavior and what they feel or think.
First person point of view: the a story is told by one of its characters ,using the first person .
Protagonist: the central character in a story.
Antagonist: any force in a story that is in conflict with the protagonist. An antagonist may be another person, an aspect of the physical or social environment or a destructive element in the protagonist's own nature.
Narrator: the one who tells a story.
Style: the manner of writing ,speaking or doing something.
Exposition: expounding and explanatory account of a plan or theory.
Climax: the turning point or high point of in a plot.
Resolution: that portion of a plot that reveal the final outcome of its conflicts or solution of its mysteries.
Personification: a figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal ,an object or a concept.
phor: a figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially un like.
Simile: a figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially un like, using of some such word or phrase as like , as, similar to, seems .
Imagery: the representation through language of sense experience .
Ambiguity: having two or more possible meaning.
Conflict: a clash of action ,desires, ideas or goals in a plot.
Satire: a kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice, to reform or keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice .
Alliteration: the repetition at close intervals of the initial sounds of accented syllables or important word.
Rime (rhyme): a repetition accented vowel sound and all succeeding sound in important word.