هذي تعريفات مهمه نسختها لكم من احد الملخصات السابقه لطالب متفائل
اقروها واذا فيه شي مذكور بالدوره وما رفقته اشيرو اليه واذا فيه شي زايد برضوه اشيروا اليه
دمتم بود عسى ان تكون سنه خير وعامره بالمسرات والله يبعد عنكم ابو جلنبو
1- Syntax or syntactic analysis : determining the relevant component parts of a sentence or describing these parts grammatically.
2- The component parts of sentence are calledconstituents
3- This is called a "top to bottom'analysis. The units smaller than the sentence will be referred to as clauses, phrases, words and morphemes.
4- constituents In other words, Syntax involves the two closely related tasks of :
(a)breaking down the sentence into its constituents
(b)assigning some grammatical label to each constituent, stating what type of constituent (or grammatical category ) it is, and what grammatical function it has.
5- The purpose of doing syntax is to discover the ways in which constituents combine to form the structure of sentence.
6- Morphemes: are the minimal, indivisible units in syntax.
7- There is a convention which is generally used to sum up the system of expanding one unit into other. It is a set of instructions called phrase
8- The category labels in tree diagram such as s1, s2, s3, NP, VP, V ect, are all attached to the nodes of that tree, and the line connecting these nodes are called branches
9- Sentences resulting from the clefting process are called cleft sentences.
10- The person who performs the Agent and whoever or whatever undergoes it is called the patient.
11- We call this process fronting ( or proposing ). Only certain sentence elements can be fronted, and these elements must be constituents.
12- Questions which ask for a particular piece of information, rather than for simply Yes or No, are called wh- questions. We call them wh- questions because they are often introduced by a word (or phrase) beginning with wh .
13- Sentences used to ask questions are interrogative sentences; used to supply information are declarative sentences
14- Coordinators such as and, but and or. A clause which is coordinated with another clause in this way is called a conjoin.
15- A sentence which consists of a coordinated clauses (conjoins) is called a compound sentence.
16- sentence used to ask questions are interrogative sentence; sentence used to supply information are declarative sentences.
17- These mixed types of sentences are called compound-complex sentences
18- Elements which occupy COMP slot ( that, whether, if, for, ect. ) are often referred to as complementisers
19- V erbless clausesare clauses in which the verb ( usually a form of to be ) and sometimes have been deleted.
20- Here the diary is an NP within a VP. In a sense, the NP completes the VP and is therefore called a Complement of the verb read.
21- These per-verbal elements are the so-called modal auxiliaries, or modals (e.g. shall, will, may, can, should, would, might, could, must. )
22- Phrases consisting of a preposition ( in, about, under, to, with, ect ) followed by an NP or an S are called prepositional phrases (PPs). We shall assume that the preposition (P) is the Head of the PP, and that what follows the Head is its Complement (Prepositional Complement , or prepc )
25- Transitive verbs: in syntax, a transitive verb is the verb that requires both a direct subject, and one or more objects. For example; push, hate, give, etc
26- Mono- transitive verbs: verbs that require exactly one object. For example; kill, read, etc.
27- Di- transitive verbs: verbs that are to take two objects, an Odand an Oi. For example; give, send call, etc.
28- Ambi- transitive verbs: verbs that can be used in a transitive or an intransitive way. For example; he reads, he read a book.
29- Intransitive verbs: verbs that take zero object; don't require an object. For example; die, smile, laugh, etc
30- Complex transitive: some verbs are followed by two phrase, but their order of function is different from Di-transitive verbs
1- The rules conditioning the organization of texts are the rules of text grammar or discourse grammar, whereas the rules which determine the structure of sentences make up sentence grammaror syntax