بسم الله والصلاة والسلام على رسول الله ، في هذا العمل المتواضع حاولت أن
أحصر جميع التعاريف المطلوبة في مادة الـ Semantics أو علم الدلالة وتعريفها
بكلتا اللغتين وإضافة مثال لكل تعريف قدر المستطاع ، لعل العمل أتى متأخرا ولكن لعله
يساعد بعض الشيء بعون الله.
DEFINITIONS OF SEMANTICS 438
جميع التعاريف المطلوبة في علم الدلالة
1. SEMANTICSis the study of meaning in language.
وتعني علم الدلالة
2. SPEAKER MEANINGis what a speaker means when he uses a piece of language.
وتعني نية المتكلم ومثال عليها :
Father talking to his son who came late " It's Too early my son
3. SENTENCE MEANING: Is what a sentence means that to say what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned .
وتعني المعنى الحرفي
4. AN UTTERANCEis any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is
silence on the part of that person.
وتعني العبارة المنطوقة.
العبارة قد تكون /
كلمة
جملة
مجموعة جمل
word/ bad
phrase/ not bad
sentence/ i did well in the exam
5.SENTENCE: a string of words put together by grammatical rules to give a full meaning.
وتعني الجملة المكتوبة
6. A PROPOSITIONis that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence
which describes some state of affairs.
وتعني القضية التي تحملها الجملة أو العبارة
7. REFERENCE: Is a relationship between parts of a language and things outside the language.
وتعني الاشارة الى العالم الخارجي
وينقسمالى قسمين ..
1 / Variable أي متغير والمثالعليه:
The American President
ومن البديهي أنه متغير فالرئيسلأمريكا ليس ثابت على مدى الأعوام ولكنه يتغير من فترة لأخرى.
2 / Constant أي ثابت والمثال عليه :
Jeddah - ksa - Africa
وهي ثابتة على مدى الايام ..
8. THE SENSE OF AN EXPRESSIONis its place in a system of semantic relationship with
other expression in the language.
وتعني المعنى
9. A REFERRING EXPRESSIONis any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone.
وتعني التعبير المحدد بـ الاشارة وينقسم الى 3 أقسام
a- Proper names = Ahmed
b- Personal Pronoun = He - She - They
c- Longer Deive Exprissions = The dean of the faculty of arts
10. AN EQUATIVE SENTENCEis one which used to assert the identity of the referents of
two referring Expression that to say to assert that two referring expressions have the same referent .
وتعني الجملة متعادلة الطرفين :
Riyadh is the capital of Saudi Arabia
11. THE PREDICATOR OF A SIMPLE DECLARATIVE SENTENCEis the word which does not
belong to any of the referring expression and which ,of the remainder, makes the most specific contribution to the meaning of the sentence.
وتعني مكمل المعنى:
Obama visited France
12. A GENERIC SENTENCEis a sentence in which some statement is made about a whole
unrestricted class of individuals, as opposed to any particular individual .
وتعني الجملة العامة
The lion is the king of the jungle
13. THE UNIVERSE OF DISCOURSE for any utterance as the particular word, real or imaginary (or part real. Part
imaginary) that the speaker assumes he is talking about at the time.
وتعني العالم الذي نتحدث عنه وينقسم الى قسمين:
a- Real= Riyadh is a city
b- Fictitious/Imaginary= Superman met Spiderman
14. A DEICTIC WORDis one which takes some element of its meaning from the situation of the utterance in which it is used.
وتعني الاشارة الى المتحدث أو المستمع أو الزمان أو المكان:
Yesterdayi talked to Tom in Riyadh
15. DEFINITENESS: Is a feature of a noun phrase selected by a speaker to convey his assumption that the hearer will be able to identify the referent of the noun phrase usually because it is the only thing of its kind in the con of the utterance or because it is unique in the universe of discourse.
وتعني تحديد المعنى بـ إستخدام
a- Definite = the
b- Indefinite = a - an
16. THE EXTENSION OF A WORDis the set of all individuals to which that word can
truthfully be applied.
وتعني إتساع المعنى ليشمل جميع الأفراد:
The lion is the king of the jungle
be referred to by an expression containing the predicate .
17. THE REFERENT OF REFERRING EXPRESSIONis the thing picked out by the use of that
expression on a particular occasion of utterance.
وتعني المشار اليه :
18. A PROTOTYPE OF A WORDis a typical member of its extension.
وتعني الشكل الأولي للكلمة:
House - Bird - Tree
وفي المرفقات العمل على هيئة word جاهز للطباعة..
وفق الله الجميع لما يحب ويرضى.