[ابغى اتخرج وبسس]

وهذا ليكشر 5:



5. Visual Aids & Teaching Effectiveness

5.1 Review

• There are 14 common methods for teaching: 1. Lecture; 2. Lecture with discussion; 3. Panel of experts; 4. Brainstorming; 5. Video tapes; 6. Class discussion; 7. Small group discussion; 8. Case studies; 9. Role playing; 10. Report-back session; 11. Worksheets/surveys; 12. Index card exercise; 13. Guest speaker; 14. Values clarification exercise


5.2Common visual aids

• Visual aids are of 6 kinds:

1. Flip chart/posters
2. Slides
3. Videos
4. Overhead transparencies
5. Computer projections (e.g., power point)
6. Samples, examples, and Mock-ups

Each kind has number of ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES

1. Flip chart/posters

ADVANTAGES

- easy and inexpensive to make and update
- portable and transportable
- left in view of the audience
- good for interaction with the audience

DISADVANTAGES

- unsuitable for large groups
- anxiety-provoking for facilitator with poor handwriting or poor spelling


2. Slides

ADVANTAGES
- professional for appearance
- good for large groups

DISADVANTAGES

- formal and impersonal
- shown in the dark
- not good for discussion and interaction
- more difficult to update than other visual aids
- require special equipment

3. Videos

ADVANTAGES

- professional in appearance
- good for large and small groups

DISADVANTAGES

- more expensive than other visual aids
- require special equipment
- not good for discussion and interaction
- require accurate cueing

4. Overhead transparencies

ADVANTAGES

- good for large groups
- easy to create
- easy to transport
- provide an informal atmosphere
- open to interaction with group
- easy to update

DISADVANTAGES

- impermanent; they yellow with age
- require less common equipment


5. Computer projections (e.g., power point)

ADVANTAGES

- professional in appearance
- evidence of preparation
- good for large or small group
- easy to integrate with class discussion
- animated
- up-to-date technology
- easy to update

DISADVANTAGES

- require special equipment/facilities
- require initial training to create
- require significant time to create
- require basic graphics/composition skills


6. Samples, examples, and Mock-ups

ADVANTAGES

- real world/authentic
- three dimensional
- sometimes inexpensive and readily available
- experience may be tactile/auditory as well as visual

DISADVANTAGES

- sometimes difficult or impossible to acquire
- often difficult to handle or distribute
- require storage space
- usually out of natural environment


6.2 Ways to Enhance Teaching Effectiveness

• There are 11 ways to enhance teaching effectiveness:

1. Seize the moment

‘Teaching is more effective when it occurs in quick response to a need the learner feels’. It’s better to answer student question on the spot.


2. Involve the student in planning

• Giving the student the chance to identify his/her needs, objectives, and outcomes will help him/her to be creative and, accordingly, will promote the learning process.

3. Begin with what the student knows

• Teaching that begins by building on what the student already knows then moving to what he/she doesn’t know helps him/her to grasp the new information more quickly.


4. Move from simple to complex

• Teaching becomes more effective if it begins by introducing simple concepts then moving to complex ones.


5. Accommodate the student’s preferred learning style

• Learners are of different styles. Some are visual who learn by seeing or reading the information. Others are auditory who learn by listening. Also, tactile or psychomotor students are those who learn by doing.

• The teacher should best administer the style of teaching based on the learner’s style.

• To know the learner’s style, the teacher may either observe the student, or simply ask the student.


6. Sort goals by learning domain

• Learning behaviors fall into three domains: cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.

• The cognitive domain deals with intellectual abilities. The psychomotor domain includes physical or motor skills. The affective domain involves expression of feeling about attitudes, interests, and values.



7. Make material meaningful

• ‘The more meaningful material is to a student, the quicker and easier it will be learned’
• One way to make the material more meaningful is to relate the material to the student’s lifestyle.





8. Allow immediate application of knowledge

• Immediate application of knowledge reinforces learning and provides the opportunity for problem solving, feedback, and emotional support.

• The immediate application translates learning to the “real world”


9. Plan for periodic rests

• Students may become mentally fatigue and, accordingly, do not accept any new information. Thus, it is important to let them relax whenever necessary.


10. Tell your students how they are progressing

• ‘Positive feedback can motivate the students to greater effort’.

• Asking the students to assess themselves and to say their opinion about how they feel is also important.

11. Reward desired learning with praise

• Praising the student’s success motivates the students to retain the material or repeat the behavior.

 BUT HOW CAN WE MOTIVATE OUR STUDENTS?

The answer is in the next lecture…..

Summary:

• There are 6 visual aids for teaching: 1. Flip chart/posters; 2. Slides; 3. Videos; 4. Overhead transparencies; 5. Computer projections (e.g., power point); 6. Samples, examples, and Mock-ups.

• There are 11 ways to enhance teaching effectiveness 1. Seize the moment; 2. Involve the student in planning. 3. Begin with what the student knows; 4. Move from simple to complex; 5. Accommodate the student’s preferred learning style; 6. Sort goals by learning domain; 7. Make material meaningful; 8. Allow immediate application of knowledge; 9. Plan for periodic rests; 10. Tell your students how they are progressing; 11. Reward desired learning with praise

Reading for this lecture:
pp.41-5